![]() Another way of conceiving the principle of justice is that equals ought to be treated equally. Who ought to receive the benefits of research and bear its burdens? This is a question of justice, in the sense of “fairness in distribution” or “what is deserved.” An injustice occurs when some benefit to which a person is entitled is denied without good reason or when some burden is imposed unduly. In this context, benefit includes the principle of non-maleficence, doing no harm, and the principle of. As with all hard cases, the different claims covered by the principle of beneficence may come into conflict and force difficult choices.ģ. Benefit is one of the three core principles of ERIC. Two general rules have been formulated as complementary expressions of beneficent actions in this sense: (1) do not harm and (2) maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms. Such treatment falls under the principle of beneficence. Persons are treated in an ethical manner not only by respecting their decisions and protecting them from harm, but also by making efforts to secure their well-being. ![]() ![]() The judgment that any individual lacks autonomy should be periodically reevaluated and will vary in different situations.Ģ. Finally, the principle of autonomy is translated into a specific obligation to promote and respect patient choice. The extent of protection afforded should depend upon the risk of harm and the likelihood of benefit. The principle of nonmaleficence implies an obligation to guarantee patient safety, whereas the principle of beneficence implies an obligation for health care networks to guarantee continuity of care in all its dimensions. Some persons are in need of extensive protection. Respect for the immature and the incapacitated may require protecting them as they mature or while they are incapacitated. To respect autonomy is to give weight to autonomous persons' considered opinions and choices while refraining from obstructing their actions unless they are clearly detrimental to others. In most cases of research involving human subjects, respect for persons demands that subjects enter into the research voluntarily and with adequate information. The principle of respect for persons thus divides into two separate moral requirements: the requirement to acknowledge autonomy and the requirement to protect those with diminished autonomy. Respect for persons incorporates at least two ethical convictions: first, that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, and second, that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection. Three basic principles, among those generally accepted in our cultural tradition, are particularly relevant to the ethics of research involving human subjects: the principles of respect of persons, beneficence and justice. The expression " basic ethical principles" refers to those general judgments that serve as a justification for particular ethical prescriptions and evaluations of human actions.
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